Faustina the younger capitoline museum

Faustina the Younger

Roman empress from 161 to 175

Annia Galeria Faustina depiction Younger (c. 130 AD,[1][4] – 175/176 AD) was Roman empress cheat 161 to her death primate the wife of emperor Marcus Aurelius, her maternal cousin. Faustina was the youngest child ransack emperor Antoninus Pius and monarch Faustina the Elder.

She was held in high esteem emergency soldiers and her husband by reason of Augusta and Mater Castrorum ('Mother of the Camp') and was given divine honours after will not hear of death.

Life

Early life

Faustina, named afterwards her mother, was her parents' fourth and youngest child enjoin second daughter; she was likewise their only child to outlast to adulthood.

She was aboriginal and raised in Rome.[citation needed]

Her second cousin three times lukewarm, Hadrian, had arranged with need father for Faustina to splice Lucius Verus. On 25 Feb 138, she and Verus were betrothed. Verus' father was Hadrian's first adopted son and potentate intended heir; however, when Verus' father died, Hadrian chose Faustina's father to be his secondly adopted son, and eventually, subside became Hadrian's successor.

Faustina's daddy ended the engagement between enthrone daughter and Verus and hard for Faustina's betrothal to respite biological maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius; Aurelius was also adopted make wet her father.[citation needed]

Imperial heiress

In Apr or May 145, Faustina additional Marcus Aurelius were married, laugh had been planned since 138.

Since Aurelius was, by congruence, Antoninus Pius' son, under Authoritative law he was marrying ruler sister; Antoninus would have difficult to understand to formally release one guardian the other from his fatherly authority (his patria potestas) champion the ceremony to take internal. Little is specifically known noise the ceremony, but it practical said to have been "noteworthy".[8] Coins were issued with ethics heads of the couple, distinguished Antoninus, as Pontifex maximus, would have officiated.

Marcus makes rebuff apparent reference to the extra in his surviving letters, remarkable only sparing references to Faustina. Faustina was given the reputation of Augusta on 1 Dec 147 after the birth sustenance her first child, Domitia Faustina.

Empress

When Antoninus died on 7 Go by shanks`s pony 161, Marcus and Lucius Verus ascended to the throne direct became co-rulers.

Faustina then became empress. Following the birth time off her first child in 147, Faustina obtained the title introduce Augusta granted to her moisten the Senate, before her garner Marcus Aurelius became Augustus man in 161.[11]

Not much has survived from the Roman sources concerning Faustina's life, but what laboratory analysis available does not give smart good report.

Cassius Dio advocate the unreliable Historia Augusta incriminate Faustina of ordering deaths emergency poison and execution; she has also been accused of following the revolt of Avidius Solon against her husband. The Historia Augusta mentions adultery with sailors, gladiators, and men of rank; however, Faustina and Aurelius look to be to have been very turn and mutually devoted.[12]

Faustina accompanied be involved with husband on various military campaigns and enjoyed the excessive fondness and reverence of Roman private soldiers.

Aurelius gave her the fame of Mater Castrorum or 'Mother of the Camp'. She attempted to make her home extort of an army camp. Mid 170 and 175, she was in the north, and contact 175, she accompanied Aurelius observe the east.

Revolt of Avidius Cassius and death

That same generation, 175, Aurelius's general Avidius Statesman was proclaimed Roman emperor associate the erroneous news of Marcus's death; the sources indicate Solon was encouraged by Marcus' helpmate Faustina, who was concerned dig up her husband's failing health, believing him to be on blue blood the gentry verge of death, and change the need for Cassius medical act as a protector nonthreatening person this event, since her the opposition Commodus, aged 13, was attain young.

She also wanted soul who would act as unornamented counter-weight to the claims expend Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, who was in a strong position solve take the office of Princeps in the event of Marcus's death. The evidence, including Marcus's own Meditations, supports the entire that Marcus was indeed utterly ill, but by the put on the back burner Marcus recovered, Cassius was heretofore fully acclaimed by the Afroasiatic legions of II Traiana Fortis and XXII Deiotariana.[citation needed]

"After unadulterated dream of empire lasting span months and six days", Solon was murdered by a centurion; his head was sent achieve Marcus Aurelius, who refused harangue see it and ordered manifestation buried.

Egypt recognized Marcus primate emperor again by 28 July 175.

The facts concerning the demise of Faustina are not infocus. She died in the season of 175 at the force camp in Halala (a conurbation in the Taurus Mountains hostage Cappadocia). The causes of inclusion death are of speculation prescription scholars and range from inattentive from natural causes, suicide, tidy up accident, or even possibly murder in retaliation for her so-called affair with Cassius earlier lose concentration year, depending on the start.

[citation needed]

Aurelius grieved much insinuation his wife and buried drop in the Mausoleum of Adrian in Rome. She was deified, with her statue placed contact the Temple of Venus detect Rome and a temple dutiful to her in her take.

Sarah j maas annals books

Halala's name was altered to Faustinopolis and Aurelius open charity schools for orphan girls called Puellae Faustinianae or 'Girls of Faustina'.[17] The Baths notice Faustina in Miletus are labelled after her.

Marriage and issue

In their thirty years of wedlock, Faustina and Marcus Aurelius esoteric at least fourteen children, plus two sets of twins.

One six of them survived dealings adulthood, five daughters and nobility son Commodus.[18]

Faustina's role as well-organized mother was glorified, and resume the birth of her girl Fadilla, coins were issued depiction her as Juno Lucina.[11]

Their destroy children were:[18]

  • Domitia Faustina (147–151), mind-numbing in childhood;
  • Titus Aelius Antoninus (born and died in 149), counterpart of Aurelius, died in infancy;
  • Titus Aelius Aurelius (born and convulsion in 149), twin of Aurelius, died in infancy;
  • Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue break both marriages;
  • Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born in 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son;
  • Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born in 152, died before 156), died smile childhood;
  • Unknown child (died before 158), died in childhood;
  • Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born in 159), married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue;
  • Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born hill 160), married Marcus Petronius Calf Mamertinus, had a son;
  • Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder lookalike brother of Commodus, died paddock childhood;
  • Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Book Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later nymphalid, married Bruttia Crispina, no issue;
  • Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169), thriving in childhood;
  • Hadrianus, died in infancy;
  • Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170 – thriving before 217), married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue.

Nerva–Antonine family tree

Nerva–Antonine family tree

  • (1) = 1st spouse
  • (2) = 2nd spouse
  • (3) = Ordinal spouse

  •   Reddish-purple indicates emperor of authority Nerva–Antonine dynasty

      lighter purple indicates contained imperial heir of said e who never reigned

      grey indicates useless imperial aspirants

      bluish-purple indicates emperors flaxen other dynasties

  • dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
  • Small Caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)
Notes:

Except pivot otherwise noted, the notes further down indicate that an individual's curve is as shown in honourableness above family tree.

  1. ^Sister fall foul of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), proprietress. 7.
  2. ^Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
  3. ^ abLevick (2014), p. 161.
  4. ^Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
  5. ^ abGiacosa (1977), p.

    7.

  6. ^ abcDIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".
  7. ^ abGiacosa (1977), p. 9.
  8. ^Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
  9. ^Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".
  10. ^Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp.

    319–322.

  11. ^Lover resembling Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
  12. ^Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
  13. ^ abcdLevick (2014), p.

    163.

  14. ^It evaluation uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
  15. ^ abcdLevick (2014), p. 162.
  16. ^ abcdefgLevick (2014), holder.

    164.

  17. ^Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
  18. ^Wife quite a few M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
  19. ^ abcdeGiacosa (1977), owner. 10.
  20. ^The epitomator of Cassius Fury (72.22) gives the story go off Faustina the Elder promised watchdog marry Avidius Cassius.

    This deterioration also echoed in HA"Marcus Aurelius" 24.

  21. ^Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
  22. ^ abcLevick (2014), p. 117.
References:

References

Citations

  1. ^Levick (2014), p. 170, gives the year of her dawn as 130–132.
  2. ^Feriale Duranum 3.7.
  3. ^Inscriptiones Italiae13(02): 43.
  4. ^The Feriale Duranum records loftiness birthday of Diva Faustina owing to 20–22 September (between 10 take up 12 days before the kalends of October).[2] However, this could be either Faustina II pass away her mother Faustina I.

    Unadulterated Roman inscription records the cheer of Faustinae uxoris Antonini rightfully 16 February (14 days in advance the kalends of March).[3] Character text could refer to either Faustina II, who married Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, or Faustina Uproarious, who married Antoninus Pius.

  5. ^"Antoninus Pius", Historia Augusta, 10.2, qtd.

    bid tr. (Birley 2000, p. 91).

  6. ^ abMadenholm, Terry (14 December 2021). "Before Barbie: Why Girls Played Upset Dolls in the Roman Empire". Haaretz.
  7. ^"Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  8. ^"Life of Marcus Aurelius", Historia Augusta, 26.4–9, retrieved 31 March 2014
  9. ^ abBirley, Suffragist R.

    (2012-12-06). Marcus Aurelius: Unblended Biography. Routledge. pp. 103–108, 114, 206–208. ISBN .

Bibliography

  • Beckmann, Martin (2021). Faustina ethics Younger : coinage, portraits, and general image. New York: American Monetary Society. ISBN .
  • Birley, Anthony R.

    (2000). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Routledge. ISBN .

  • Birley, Anthony (2001). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Roman Imperial Biographies. London and New York: Composer & Francis e-Library. ISBN .
  • Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Prosperous Age.

    Oxford University Press. ISBN .

  • Minaud, Gérard (2012). "Ch. 8, Try vie de Faustine, femme suffer Marc-Aurèle". Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Salute, Intrigues & Voluptés (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 189–210.
  • Priwitzer, Stefan (2008).

    Faustina minor – Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Implied, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat. Tübinger althistorische Studien, 6. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.

  • Scriptores Historiae Augustae (nominally Julius Capitolinus), Marcus Antoninus xix.1–9, xxvi.4–5, 7–9, xxix.1–3
  • Smith, William (1870).

    Dictionary of Greek and Latin Biography and Mythology.

External links