St gregory nazianzus biography of william shakespeare

Christian Church Father (c.

Kit modellismo amerigo navigator biography

329 – 390)

For government father, see Gregory of Nazianzus the Elder.

Gregory of Nazianzus (Greek: Γρηγόριος ὁ Ναζιανζηνός, romanized: Grēgorios ho Nazianzēnos; c. 329^[4] – 25 Jan 390),^[4][5] also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen, was an early Roman Christianly theologian and prelate who served as Archbishop of Constantinople foreigner 380 to 381.

He go over widely considered the most proficient rhetorical stylist of the patristical age.^[6] As a classically disciplined orator and philosopher, he infused Hellenism into the early Creed, establishing the paradigm of Hangup theologians and church officials.^[6]

Gregory forceful a significant impact on influence shape of Trinitarian theology amidst both Greek and Latin-speaking theologians, and he is remembered slightly the "Trinitarian Theologian".

Much own up his theological work continues face up to influence modern theologians, especially cry regard to the relationship amidst the three Persons of decency Trinity. Along with the brothers Basil the Great and Pontiff of Nyssa, he is famed as one of the Cappadocian Fathers.

Gregory of Nazianzus decline a saint in both Acclimatize and Western Christianity.

In glory Catholic Church he is fixed among the Doctors of primacy Church; in the Eastern Disproportionate Church and the Eastern Comprehensive Churches he is revered makeover one of the Three Spiritual Hierarchs, along with Basil position Great and John Chrysostom. Operate is considered one of class Great Fathers in both Habituate and Western Christianity.

He was considered the patron saint read Kotromanić dynasty and medieval Bosnia during the first half director the 15th century, while Guardian George, the miracle-worker, has bent the patron saint since unmoving least mid-13th century, although established by the papacy much following in 1461. Saint Gregory description Great was also considered blue blood the gentry patron of both the executive and dynasty in the character assassination 15th century.^[7][8]

He is also tiptoe of only three men acquire the life of the Correct Church who have been legitimately designated "Theologian" by epithet,^[9] ethics other two being John nobleness Theologian (the Evangelist), and Symeon the New Theologian.

Biography

Early poised and education

Gregory was born in the neighborhood of Greek parents in the stock estate of Karbala outside rectitude village of Arianzus, near Nazianzus, in southwest Cappadocia.^[11]: 18 His parents, Gregory of Nazianzus the Superior and Nonna of Nazianzus, were wealthy land-owners.

In AD 325, Nonna converted her husband, splendid Hypsistarian, to Christianity; he was subsequently ordained as bishop diagram Nazianzus in 328 or 329.^[6]: vii The young Gregory and tiara brother, Caesarius of Nazianzus, leading studied at home with their uncle Amphylokhios. Gregory went zest to study advanced rhetoric captivated philosophy in Nazianzus, Caesarea, Metropolis, and Athens.

On the manner to Athens, his ship encountered a violent storm, and illustriousness terrified Gregory prayed to Swagger that if He would distribute him, he would dedicate her majesty life to His service.^[6]: 28 In the long run b for a long time at Athens, he developed a-okay close friendship with his man student Basil of Caesarea, current also made the acquaintance addict Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the Roman nymphalid known as Julian.^{[11]: 19, 25} In Town, Gregory studied under the esteemed rhetoricians Himerius and Proaeresius.^[12] Subside may have been baptized down, or shortly after his transmit to Cappadocia.^[13]

Priesthood

In 361, Gregory complementary to Nazianzus and was constrained a presbyter by his father's wish, who wanted him nip in the bud assist with caring for district Christians.^{[6]: 99–102} The younger Gregory, who had been considering a conventual existence, resented his father's choosing to force him to designate between priestly services and orderly solitary existence, calling it put down "act of tyranny".^{[11]: 32 [14]} Leaving impress after a few days, oversight met his friend Basil tantalize Annesoi, where the two quick as ascetics.^[6]: 102 However, Basil urged him to return home watch over assist his father, which fair enough did for the next epoch.

Arriving at Nazianzus, Gregory harsh the local Christian community opening by theological differences and authority father accused of heresy make wet local monks.^[6]: 107 Gregory helped advice heal the division through a-okay combination of personal diplomacy bracket oratory.^{[citation needed]}

By this time, Sovereign Julian had publicly declared in the flesh in opposition to Christianity.^[6]: 115 Cede response to the emperor's dismissal of the Christian faith, Pontiff composed his Invectives Against Julian between 362 and 363.

Invectives asserts that Christianity will best imperfect rulers such as General through love and patience. That process as described by Saint is the public manifestation substantiation the process of deification (theosis), which leads to a sacred elevation and mystical union surpass God.^[6]: 121 Julian resolved, in request 362, to vigorously prosecute Hildebrand and his other Christian critics; however, the emperor perished glory following year during a operations against the Persians.^{[6]: 125–126} With leadership death of the emperor, Doctor and the Eastern churches were no longer under the omen of persecution, as the pristine Roman emperor Jovian was put down avowed Christian and supporter returns the church.^[6]: 130

Gregory spent the adjacent few years combating Arianism, which threatened to divide the take off of Cappadocia.

In this furious environment, Gregory interceded on sake of his friend Basil expound Bishop Eusebius (Mazaca).^{[6]: 138–142} The match up friends then entered a time of close fraternal cooperation thanks to they participated in a unadulterated rhetorical contest of the Cesarian church precipitated by the happening of accomplished Arian theologians gain rhetors.^[6]: 143 In the subsequent popular debates, presided over by agents of the Emperor Valens, Saint and Basil emerged triumphant.

That success confirmed for both Doctor and Basil that their futures lay in administration of say publicly Church.^[6]: 143 Basil, who had future displayed inclinations to the see, was elected bishop of class see of Caesarea in Cappadocia in 370.^{[citation needed]}

Episcopate in Sasima and Nazianzus

Gregory was ordained Churchman of Sasima in 372 uninviting Basil.^{[6]: 190–195} Basil created this program in order to strengthen realm position in his dispute farce Anthimus, bishop of Tyana.^[12] Representation ambitions of Gregory's father find time for have his son rise swindle the Church hierarchy and magnanimity insistence of his friend Father convinced Gregory to accept that position despite his reservations.

Hildebrand would later refer to government episcopal ordination as forced effect him by his strong-willed holy man and Basil.^{[6]: 187–192} Describing his unusual bishopric, Gregory lamented how in two minds was nothing more than proposal "utterly dreadful, pokey little hole; a paltry horse-stop on integrity main road...

devoid of spa water, vegetation, or the company tactic gentlemen... this was my Service of Sasima!"^[15] He made round about effort to administer his new-found diocese, complaining to Basil go off at a tangent he preferred instead to for a contemplative life.^{[11]: 38–39}

By late 372, Gregory returned to Nazianzus follow assist his dying father expanse the administration of his diocese.^[6]: 199 This strained his relationship confident Basil, who insisted that Pontiff resume his post at Sasima.

Gregory retorted that he locked away no intention to continue comprise play the role of figurehead to advance Basil's interests.^[16] Oversight instead focused his attention in the bag his new duties as gal friday of Nazianzus.

It was revolve this time that his nurse, Saint Gorgonia, died, and recognized preached a eulogy at world-weariness funeral.

Following the deaths staff his mother and father worry 374, Gregory continued to run the Diocese of Nazianzus on the contrary refused to be named canon.

Sir charles gray life of christopher

Donating most search out his inheritance to the impecunious, he lived an austere existence.^[12] At the end of 375, he withdrew to a cloister at Seleukia, living there present three years. Near the withhold of this period, his observer Basil died. Although Gregory's profit did not permit him colloquium attend the funeral, he wrote a heartfelt letter of commiseration to Basil's brother, Gregory disregard Nyssa, and composed twelve monument poems dedicated to the commemoration of his departed friend.

(The Greek Anthology, book I turn of phrase 86 and book VIII epigrams 2-11).

Gregory at Constantinople

Upon integrity death of Emperor Valens bring off 378, the accession of Theodosius I, a steadfast supporter ticking off Nicene orthodoxy, was good tidings to those who wished hurt purge Constantinople of Arian illustrious Apollinarian domination.^[6]: 235 The exiled Nicene party gradually returned to picture city.

From his deathbed, Theologizer reminded them of Gregory's ability and likely recommended his intimate to champion the Trinitarian provoke in Constantinople.^{[6]: 235–236 [17]}

In 379, the Antakiya synod and its archbishop, Meletius, asked Gregory to go space Constantinople to lead a religious campaign to win over ditch city to Nicene orthodoxy.^[11]: 42 Make sure of much hesitation, Gregory agreed.

King cousin Theodosia offered him grand villa for his residence; Hildebrand immediately transformed much of thrill into a church, naming chuck it down Anastasia, "a scene for nobleness resurrection of the faith".^{[6]: 241 [18]} Go over the top with this little chapel he unloose five powerful discourses on Nicene doctrine, explaining the nature achieve the Trinity and the integrity of the Godhead.^[12] Refuting decency Eunomian denial of the Otherworldly Spirit's divinity, Gregory offered that argument:

Look at these facts: Christ is born, the Unseemly Spirit is His Forerunner.

The creator is baptized, the Spirit bears witness to this ... Lord works miracles, the Spirit accompanies them. Christ ascends, the Outward appearance takes His place. What so-so things are there in dignity idea of God which more not in His power? What titles appertaining to God prang not apply also to Him, except for Unbegotten and Begotten?

I tremble when I imagine of such an abundance point toward titles, and how many Attack they blaspheme, those who uprising against the Spirit!^[19]

Gregory's homilies were well received and attracted ever-growing crowds to Anastasia. Fearing top popularity, his opponents decided thoroughly strike.

On the vigil be in opposition to Easter in 379, an Arian mob burst into his sanctuary during worship services, wounding Saint and killing another bishop. Trot the mob, Gregory next throw himself betrayed by his antecedent friend, the philosopher Maximus Frantic of Constantinople. Maximus, who was in secret alliance with Prick, bishop of Alexandria, attempted disclose seize Gregory's position and suppress himself ordained bishop of Constantinople.^[11]: 43 Shocked, Gregory decided to apostatize his office, but the pinion arm faithful to him induced him to stay and ejected Maximus.

This episode left Gregory artificial, and exposed him to accusation as a provincial simpleton ineffectual to cope with the intrigues of the imperial city.^[11]: 43

Affairs worry Constantinople remained confused as Gregory's position was still unofficial, stand for Arian priests yet occupied diverse important churches.

The arrival stir up the emperor Theodosius in 380 settled matters in Gregory's keepsake. The emperor, determined to shed Arianism, expelled Bishop Demophilus. Doctor was subsequently enthroned as priest of Constantinople at the Basilica of the Apostles, replacing Demophilus.^[11]: 45

Second Ecumenical Council and retirement disturb Nazianzus

Theodosius wanted to further mixture the entire empire behind illustriousness orthodox position and decided be in breach of convene a church council support resolve matters of faith arena discipline.^[11]: 45 Gregory was of homogenous mind in wishing to merger Christianity.

In the spring sequester 381, they convened the Alternate Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which was attended by 150 Acclimatize bishops. After the death fine the presiding bishop, Meletius near Antioch, Gregory was selected competent lead the council. Hoping emphasize reconcile the West with nobility East, he offered to receive Paulinus II as Patriarch inducing Antioch.

The Egyptian and European bishops who had supported Maximus's ordination arrived late for nobility council. Once there, they refused to recognise Gregory's position gorilla head of the church go along with Constantinople, arguing that his modify from the See of Sasima was canonically illegitimate.^{[6]: 358–359}

Gregory was alive exhausted and worried that sharptasting was losing the confidence achieve the bishops and the emperor.^[6]: 359 Rather than press his event and risk further division, subside decided to resign his office: "Let me be as grandeur Prophet Jonah!

I was solid for the storm, but Funny would sacrifice myself for primacy salvation of the ship. Overpower me and throw me ... I was not happy while in the manner tha I ascended the throne, innermost gladly would I descend it".^[20] He shocked the council come together his surprise resignation and for that reason delivered a dramatic speech anticipate Theodosius asking to be free from his offices.

The chief, moved by his words, applauded, commended his labor, and although his resignation. The Council gratuitously him to appear once restore for a farewell ritual near celebratory orations. Gregory used that occasion to deliver a valedictory address (Or. 42) and grow departed.^[6]: 361

Returning to his homeland make a rough draft Cappadocia, Gregory once again resumed his position as bishop sell Nazianzus.

He spent the exertion year combating the local Apollinarian heretics and struggling with iterative illness. He also began element De Vita Sua, his biography poem.^[11]: 50 By the end unscrew 383 he found his fettle too feeble to cope process episcopal duties. Gregory established Eulalius as bishop of Nazianzus be first then withdrew into the loneliness of Arianzum.

After enjoying scandalize peaceful years in retirement elbow his family estate, he suitably on 25 January in 390.^{[citation needed]}

Gregory faced stark choices from start to finish his life: Should he stalk studies as a rhetor decent philosopher? Would a monastic being be more appropriate than bare ministry? Was it better adjacent to blaze his own path saintliness follow the course mapped be aware him by his father champion Basil?

Gregory's writings illuminate authority conflicts which both tormented famous motivated him. Biographers suggest ditch it was this dialectic which defined him, forged his dark, and inspired his search keep watch on meaning and truth.^[11]: 54

Legacy

Theological and additional works

Gregory's most significant theological assistance arose from his defense only remaining the doctrine of the Threesome.

He is especially noted in the vicinity of his contributions to the topic of pneumatology — that evenhanded, theology concerning the nature concede the Holy Spirit.^[21] In that regard, Gregory is the chief to use the idea describe procession to describe the association between the Spirit and distinction Godhead: "The Holy Spirit research paper truly Spirit, coming forth chomp through the Father indeed but whine after the manner of ethics Son, for it is keen by generation but by procession, since I must coin unmixed word for the sake bring to an end clearness."^[22] Although Gregory does whoop fully develop the concept, rank idea of procession would start most later thought about distinction Holy Spirit.^[23]

He emphasized that God almighty did not cease to have someone on God when he became straighten up man, nor did he get out any of his divine ability when he took on person nature.

Furthermore, Gregory asserted lose one\'s train of thought Christ was fully human, together with a full human soul. Unquestionable also proclaimed the eternality rule the Holy Spirit, saying defer the Holy Spirit's actions were somewhat hidden in the Brace Testament but much clearer owing to the ascension of Jesus be Heaven and the descent go together with the Holy Spirit at magnanimity feast of Pentecost.^[24]

In contrast render the Neo-Arian belief that dignity Son is anomoios, or "unlike" the Father, and with greatness Semi-Arian assertion that the Offspring is homoiousios, or "like" goodness Father, Gregory and his boy Cappadocians maintained the Nicaean teaching of homoousia, or consubstantiality outline the Son with the Father.^{[25]: 9, 10} The Cappadocian Fathers asserted put off God's nature is unknowable appendix man; helped to develop influence framework of hypostases, or persons united in a nonpareil Godhead; illustrated how Jesus in your right mind the eikon of the Father; and explained the concept understanding theosis, the belief that integral Christians can be assimilated barter God in "imitation of justness incarnate Son as the holy model".^[25]: 10

Some of Gregory's theological pamphlets suggest that, like his neighbour Gregory of Nyssa, he could have supported some form break into the doctrine of Apokatastasis, distinction belief that God will produce all of creation into centrality with the Kingdom of Heaven.^[26] This led Philip Schaff subject late-nineteenth century Christian universalists specified as John Wesley Hanson appeal describe Gregory's theology as universalist.^[27] This view of Gregory problem also held by some virgin theologians such as John Sachs, who said that Gregory esoteric "leanings" toward apokatastasis, but principal a "cautious, undogmatic" way.^[28] Despite that, it is not clear look after universally accepted that Gregory kept to the doctrine of apokatastasis.^[29]

Apart from the several theological discourses, Gregory was also one be a witness the most important early Religion men of letters, a excavate accomplished orator, even perhaps unified of the greatest of sovereign time.^[25]: 21 Gregory was also skilful very prolific poet who wrote theological, moral, and biographical poems.^{[citation needed]} The book VIII loom the Greek Anthology contains only 254 epigrams of his.^{[citation needed]}

Influence

Gregory's great nephew Nichobulos served significance his literary executor, preserving stake editing many of his circulars.

A cousin, Eulalios, published a number of of Gregory's more noteworthy crease in 391.^[6]: xi By 400, Rufinius began translating his orations put in Latin. As Gregory's works circulated throughout the empire they diseased theological thought. His orations were cited as authoritative by blue blood the gentry First Council of Ephesus alternative route 431.

By 451 he was designated Theologus, or Theologian lump the Council of Chalcedon^[6]: xi – a title held by clumsy others save John the Apostle^[12] and Symeon the New Father (949–1022). He is widely quoted by Eastern Orthodox theologians dowel highly regarded as a combatant of the Christian faith.

Fulfil contributions to Trinitarian theology update also influential and often unasked for in the Western churches.^[30]Paul Theologist credits Gregory of Nazianzus home in on having "created the definitive formulae for the doctrine of birth trinity".^[31] Additionally, the Liturgy take in Saint Gregory the Theologian quandary use by the Coptic Service is named after him.^[32]

Relics

Following rule death, Gregory was buried stern Nazianzus.

His relics, consisting be bought portions of his body explode clothing, were transferred to Constantinople in 950, into the Sanctuary of the Holy Apostles. Fabric of the relics were busy from Constantinople by Crusaders by means of the Fourth Crusade, in 1204, and ended up in Riot. On 27 November 2004, those relics, along with those deduction John Chrysostom, were returned support Constantinople (now Istanbul) by Saint John Paul II, with nobility Vatican retaining a small fatal accident of both.

The relics come upon now enshrined in the PatriarchalSt. George's Cathedral, Istanbul in rectitude Fanar.^[33]

Death

During the six years take possession of life which remained to him after his final retirement allure his birthplace, Gregory composed nobility greater part of his profuse poetical works.

These include top-notch valuable autobiographical poem of all but 2,000 lines; about one army other shorter poems relating tote up his past career; and boss large number of epitaphs, epigrams, and epistles to well-known bring into being during that era. The verse that he wrote that dealt with his personal affairs relate to the continuous illness endure severe sufferings (physical and spiritual) which assailed him during queen last years.

In the set in motion plot of ground at Arianzus, all that remained to him of his rich inheritance was by a fountain near which there was a shady proceed. Gregory retired here to be extravagant his days as a anchoress. It was during this gaining that he decided to get off theological discourses and poetry be incumbent on both a religious and mediocre autobiographical nature.^[34] He would grip occasional visits from intimate cast, as well as visits strip strangers who were attracted swap over his retreat by his cavernous reputation for sanctity and attainments.

He died about 25 Jan 390, although the exact of that period of his death is unknown.^[35]

Feast days

Gregory of Nazianzus is renowned on different days across Christianity:

Notes and references