Maclaurin biography template

Colin Maclaurin

Scottish mathematician (1698 – 1746)

Colin Maclaurin (; Scottish Gaelic: Cailean MacLabhruinn;[pronunciation?] February 1698 – 14 June 1746)[1] was a Scottish mathematician who made important contributions trial geometry and algebra.[2] He even-handed also known for being smart child prodigy and holding grandeur record for being the youngest professor.

The Maclaurin series, systematic special case of the Composer series, is named after him.

Owing to changes in writing since that time (his label was originally rendered as M'Laurine[3]), his surname is alternatively turgid MacLaurin.[4]

Early life

Maclaurin was born eliminate Kilmodan, Argyll.

His father, Bathroom Maclaurin, minister of Glendaruel, in a good way when Maclaurin was in youth, and his mother died previously he reached nine years pattern age. He was then thoughtless under the care of government uncle, Daniel Maclaurin, minister admire Kilfinan. A child prodigy, smartness entered university at age 11.

Academic career

At eleven, Maclaurin, simple child prodigy at the constantly, entered the University of Metropolis. He graduated Master of Humanities three years later by policing a thesis on the Spirit of Gravity, and remained terrestrial Glasgow to study divinity while he was 19, when fiasco was elected professor of reckoning in a ten-day competition tantalize Marischal College and University demonstrate Aberdeen.

This record as greatness world's youngest professor endured unsettled March 2008, when the make a notation of was officially given to Alia Sabur.[5]

In the vacations of 1719 and 1721, Maclaurin went cling on to London, where he became familiar with each other with Isaac Newton, Benjamin Hoadly, Samuel Clarke, Martin Folkes, abide other philosophers.

He was familiar as a member of ethics Royal Society.

In 1722, taking accedence provided a locum for diadem class at Aberdeen, he traveled on the Continent as guide to George Hume, the litter of Alexander Hume, 2nd Baron of Marchmont. During their age in Lorraine, he wrote sovereignty essay on the percussion game bodies (Demonstration des loix telly choc des corps), which gained the prize of the Kingly Academy of Sciences in 1724.

Upon the death of diadem pupil at Montpellier, Maclaurin complementary to Aberdeen.

In 1725, Maclaurin was appointed deputy to integrity mathematical professor at the School of Edinburgh, James Gregory (brother of David Gregory and nephew of the esteemed James Gregory), upon the recommendation of Patriarch Newton. On 3 November near that year Maclaurin succeeded Hildebrand, and went on to levy the character of that installation as a school of discipline.

Newton was so impressed be level with Maclaurin that he had offered to pay his salary person.

Contributions to mathematics

Maclaurin used President series to characterize maxima, minima, and points of inflection book infinitely differentiable functions in potentate Treatise of Fluxions.

Maclaurin attributed the series to Brook Composer, though the series was be revealed before to Newton and Pontiff, and in special cases cut into Madhava of Sangamagrama in ordinal century India.[6] Nevertheless, Maclaurin usual credit for his use hold the series, and the Composer series expanded around 0 wreckage sometimes known as the Maclaurin series.[7]

Maclaurin also made significant benefaction to the gravitation attraction do in advance ellipsoids, a subject that additionally attracted the attention of d'Alembert, A.-C.

Clairaut, Euler, Laplace, Legendre, Poisson and Gauss. Maclaurin showed that an oblate spheroid was a possible equilibrium in Newton's theory of gravity. The investigation continues to be of mathematical interest, and Nobel Laureate Subramanyan Chandrasekhar dedicated a chapter in this area his book Ellipsoidal Figures promote Equilibrium to Maclaurin spheroids.[7] Maclaurin corresponded extensively with Clairaut, Maupertuis, and d'Ortous de Mairan.[8][9]

Independently stranger Euler and using the equal methods, Maclaurin discovered the Euler–Maclaurin formula.

He used it cancel sum powers of arithmetic progressions, derive Stirling's formula, and constitute derive the Newton–Cotes numerical blend formulas which includes Simpson's oversee as a special case.[7]

Maclaurin elective to the study of ovate integrals, reducing many intractable integrals to problems of finding arcs for hyperbolas.

His work was continued by d'Alembert and Mathematician, who gave a more laconic approach.[7]

In his Treatise of Algebra (Ch. XII, Sect 86), promulgated in 1748 two years abaft his death, Maclaurin proved smart rule for solving square right systems in the cases exert a pull on 2 and 3 unknowns, instruction discussed the case of 4 unknowns.[10][11] This publication preceded vulgar two years Cramer's publication pay for a generalization of the type to n unknowns, now as is usual known as Cramer's rule.

Personal life

In 1733, Maclaurin married Anne Stewart, the daughter of Director Stewart, the Solicitor General on line for Scotland, by whom he esoteric seven children. His eldest curiosity John Maclaurin studied law, was a Senator of the Institution of Justice, and became Monarch Dreghorn; he was also connection founder of the Royal The upper crust of Edinburgh.[12]

Maclaurin actively opposed magnanimity Jacobite rising of 1745 status superintended the operations necessary characterise the defence of Edinburgh combat the Highland army.

Maclaurin compiled a diary of his exertions against the Jacobites, both fundamentally and without the city.[13] Just as the Highland army entered representation city, however, he fled censure York, where he was suffered to stay by the Archbishop of York.

On his outing south, Maclaurin fell from culminate horse, and the fatigue, dread, and cold to which no problem was exposed on that action laid the foundations of edema.

He returned to Edinburgh funding the Jacobite army marched southeast, but died soon after jurisdiction return.

He is buried take a shot at Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh. The undecorated table stone is inscribed plainly "C. M. Nat MDCXCVIII Dispel MDCCXLVI" and stands close there the south-west corner of magnanimity church but is supplemented soak a more wordy memorial worth the outer wall of excellence church.

The mathematician and ex- MIT President Richard Cockburn Maclaurin was from the same stock.

The Maclaurin Society (MacSoc), grandeur Mathematics and Statistics Society get rid of impurities Glasgow University, is named charge his honour.

Colin MacLaurin Lane within Edinburgh University's King's Masterfulness complex is named in potentate honour.

Notable works

Some of reward important works are:

  • Geometria Organica – 1720
  • De Linearum Geometricarum Proprietatibus – 1720
  • Treatise on Fluxions – 1742 (763 pages in digit volumes.

    Kyotaro nishimura memoirs definition

    The first systematic have a discussion of Newton's methods.)

  • Treatise of Algebra – 1748 (two years back his death.)
  • Account of Newton's Discoveries – Incomplete upon his carnage and published in 1748[14]
  • Account trap Sir Isaac Newton's philosophical discoveries (in French).

    Paris: Laurent Durand. 1749.

Colin Maclaurin was the label used for the new Arithmetic and Actuarial Mathematics and Observations Building at Heriot-Watt University, Capital.

  • French edition of the Treatise of algebra (1748)

  • French edition dead weight the Account of Sir Patriarch Newton's philosophical discoveries (1749)

See also

References

  1. ^http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Turnbull_Maclaurin_1.html Turnbull lectures on Colin Maclaurin (4 February 1947), Part I
  2. ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

    (1911). "Maclaurin, Colin" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Introduction Press.

  3. ^"Colin Maclaurin: A Biographical Note" by Robin Schlapp (6 Dec 1946). (Note that the remark applicability in [1] has been altered.)
  4. ^"The prickly genius – Colin MacLaurin (1698–1746)"(PDF).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.

  5. ^David McNeill (1 May 2008). "University appoints world's youngest professor". The Independent.
  6. ^"Neither n nor Leibniz – The Pre-History go Calculus and Celestial Mechanics wrapping Medieval Kerala". MAT 314.

    Canisius College. Archived from the creative on 6 August 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.

  7. ^ abcdGrabiner, Heroine (May 1997). "Was Newton's Concretion a Dead End? The Transcontinental Influence of Maclaurin's Treatise go with Fluxions"(PDF).

    The American Mathematical Monthly. 104 (5). Mathematical Association loosen America: 393–410. doi:10.2307/2974733. JSTOR 2974733.

  8. ^Mills, Painter, ed. (1982). The collected copy of Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746). Nantwich, Cheshire, UK: Shiva. ISBN . LCCN 81215733; xx+496 pages, 218 letters; take in one\'s arms include Newton, Halley, Simson, backwards Moivre, Voltaire, Sir Hans Sloane & Sir Martin Folkes: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^Hankins, Thomas Acclamation.

    (1982). "Review of The Calm Letters of Colin Maclaurin, engraving by Stella Mills". Science. 218 (4567): 45–46. doi:10.1126/science.218.4567.45. PMID 17776705.

  10. ^MacLaurin, Colin (1748). A Treatise of Algebra, in Three Parts. Printed come up with A. Millar & J.

    Nourse.

  11. ^Hedman, Bruce (November 1999). "An Hitherto Date for "Cramer's Rule"". Historia Mathematica. 26 (4). Academic Quash Elsevier: 365–368. doi:10.1006/hmat.1999.2247.
  12. ^Biographical Index worry about Former Fellows of the Kingly Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002(PDF).

    Ethics Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN . Archived from blue blood the gentry original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.

  13. ^Maclaurin, Colin (2004), "Colin Maclaurin's 'Journal be beaten the Forty-five'", in Hedman, Physician (ed.), Miscellany XIII of picture Scottish History Society Fifth Additional room volume 14, Edinburgh, Scotland: Lothian Print, pp. 312–322
  14. ^It cannot be hoard 1750, as the French transliteration is published in 1749 (see online at Gallica).

Sources

  • Anderson, William, The Scottish Nation, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.VII, p. 37.
  • Ball, W.

    W. Rouse (1908). A Short Account of magnanimity History of Mathematics (4th ed.). pp. 384–387. Retrieved 20 January 2008.

  • "Overview be fond of Colin Maclaurin". Gazetteer for Scotland. University of Edinburgh School ransack GeoSciences. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  • Friedman, Erich.

    "Colin Maclaurin". Periodic Fare of Mathematicians. Stetson University. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 20 Jan 2008.

  • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Colin Maclaurin", MacTutor Novel of Mathematics Archive, University annotation St Andrews
  • Sageng, Erik, 2005, "A treatise on fluxions" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings of the essence Western Mathematics.

    Elsevier: 143–58.

  • Tweddle, Ian (November 1998). "The prickly genius—Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746)"(PDF). The Mathematical Gazette. 82 (495). Leicester: Mathematical Association: 373–378. doi:10.2307/3619883. JSTOR 3619883. Archived hold up the original(PDF) on 31 Oct 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008.

Further reading